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Thursday, 7 April 2011

LIBYA TODAY

Coalition of Crusaders Join with al Qaeda to Oust Qaddafi and Roll Back Libyan Revolution

Created 03/23/2011 - 07:49
by Gerald A. Perreira

The West – the former colonial powers and the United States – have not only coordinated their assault on Libya, but orchestrated the rebellion against Col. Qaddafi from the start, says the author. Qaddafi's claim that al Qaeda is involved is only dismissed by those who fail to understand that “al Qaeda is a Wahhabi/Salafi ideological movement and it has reinvigorated Salafi movements and cells worldwide.” Qaddafi deserves support at this critical hour, as “a revolutionary leader who has consistently opposed western hegemony in the Arab and African World.” 

This article previously appeared in Global Breaking News [5].
It is now crystal clear that this rebellion in Benghazi was an orchestrated attempt, supported by foreign sources, to use the events taking place across North Africa as a cover for the overthrow of the Libyan revolution.”

A coalition of Crusaders, as Qaddafi described them, including the US, Britain, France, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Spain and Canada, have begun an all out military assault against Libya. Using what Libya claims is an invalid and illegal UN resolution as a pretext, the coalition is pounding the Libyan defence forces with a military might that has not been seen since the Gulf war.
The real and illegal goal of what has been called Operation “Odyssey Dawn” is “regime change.” A replay of the nightmarish Gulf war scenario, the plan is clear: to disable Libya's defence ability, and to arm and strengthen the reactionary conglomerate of rebel forces in Benghazi, in the hope that this rag tag bunch will roll back, once and for all, the Libyan revolution.

This is not the first imperialist attempt to lynch Qaddafi and bring Libya to its knees. In 1986, the US falsely accused Libya of the bombing of a discotheque in Berlin and Reagan attempted to assassinate Qaddafi, by bombing the Bab al-Azizia compound in Tripoli where he was housed, killing Qaddafi's daughter and over one hundred Libyans. Next, Libya was falsely accused of the 1988 Lockerbie bombing as an excuse for initiating sanctions, in order to economically cripple the revolution.

Not the first time Britain and al Qaeda have collaborated on Libya

In 1996, British intelligence employed the services of an al Qaeda cell inside Libya, paying them a huge fee to assassinate Muammar Qaddafi. A grenade was lobbed at Qaddafi as he walked among a crowd in his hometown, Sirte. He was saved by one of his bodyguards, who threw herself on the grenade. Former MI5 operative David Shayler revealed that while he was working on the Libya desk in the mid 90s, British secret service personnel were collaborating with the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, which is connected to one of
Osama bin Laden’s trusted lieutenants. Muammar Qaddafi and the Libyan revolutionary forces were the first to issue an arrest warrant for Osama bin Laden. They have spent years trying to warn the world about the very serious threat posed by these Islamic deviants. According to Shayler, western intelligence turned a deaf ear to Libya's warnings because they were actually working with the al Qaeda group inside Libya, to bring down Qaddafi and the Libyan revolution. In the mid 90s, British secret service personnel were collaborating with the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group.”

Anas al Libi was a member of the Libyan al-Qaeda cell. He remains on the US government’s most wanted list, with a reward of $25 million for his capture, and is wanted for his involvement in the African embassy bombings. al Libi was with bin Laden in Sudan before the al Qaeda leader returned to Afghanistan in 1996.
Surprisingly, or not so surprisingly, despite being a high-level al Qaeda operative, al Libi was given political asylum in Britain and lived in Manchester until May of 2000.


Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

The claims by Qaddafi and the Libyan revolutionary forces that the rebels in Benghazi are inspired by al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and the serious threat this poses, not only to Libya but to the entire region, are once again falling on deaf ears, just as David Shayler said they did back in the mid 90s. Why? Because once again, British intelligence forces, among others, are clearly in collaboration with the rebels in Benghazi - those referred to all over Libya as the 'bearded ones', who have close ties to al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. The evidence for this is overwhelming. As revealed by Shayler, the British have a long standing relationship with the al Qaeda affiliated Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, based inside Libya. The British also have an historical relationship with the Wahhabi/Salafi brand of Islam, espoused today by Ikhwan al Muslimeen (Mulsim Brotherhood) and their offshoots, including al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.

A Battle with a Long History

In 1744, an alliance was formed between the founder of Wahhabism, Muhammad ibn Abdal-Wahhab and the ruthless tribal leader, Muhammad ibn Saud, whose descendants rule Saudi Arabia up to today. This reactionary brand of Islam was the perfect theological foundation for the colonial creation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Wahhabism remains the official Islamic tendency in Saudi Arabia up till today. In 1915, the British entered into a treaty with the murderous House of Saud, protecting their lands and supplying them with weaponry, as part of the colonial project to establish the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. At the same time, the British did everything they could to help the Wahhabist doctrine to flourish, recognizing it as the perfect ideological tool to further their imperialist objectives. Some scholars have argued that the British actually helped to create Wahhabism. Imagine, today, the British are calling on the descendants of Muhammad ibn Saud, the current Saudi regime, and their present day army of Wahhabis in the form of al Qaeda, to join in a medieval crusade to crush a bastion of revolutionary Islam, which is present day Libya. And the contradictions verify this. We have to wonder why a Saudi government official can say on BBC that “to allow the people to choose their own government is a very bad thing”, and why, with all the Western outcry about women's rights in the Muslim world, the Saudi regime, which does not even allow women to vote or drive motorcars, is never questioned. Instead they are the ones that the Americans, British, and French are calling on to join them in the destruction of Libya which has liberated women and struggled to bring real democracy to its people.
Benghazi has been the center for those who have consistently opposed the liberatory Islam articulated by Qaddafi.”

As early as the mid 19th century, Wahhabi fundamentalism was imported into Benghazi by the reactionary and feudal Senussi fraternity. The influence of this tendency has been passed on from generation to generation, and Benghazi has been the center for those who have consistently opposed the liberatory Islam articulated by Qaddafi and implemented by the Libyan revolution.
The Muslims of Benghazi, who embrace the same ideology as al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and have done for the last hundred years or more, have been reinvigorated in the last few years by AQIM's presence on Libya's borders. There is a renewed interest in the possibility of achieving the stated goal of AQIM, which is the establishment of a Wahhabi Islamic Emirate in the Maghreb, stretching over the entire North African region. When we understand the history of this region, we realize why the imperialists have not gone out of their way to find Osama bin Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri and how and why these reactionary forces and doctrines are actually encouraged by western powers. To understand Qaddafi's current claims about al Qaeda in the Maghreb, we have to understand both the history of this current battle and also the present day chapter: how al Qaeda affiliated organizations operate in the region in 2011. There is a deliberate attempt to misguide the uninformed with the suggestion that Qaddafi is throwing up a simplistic image of Osama bin Laden directing the rebellion in Benghazi from a cave somewhere, as a scare tactic.
Nothing could be further from the truth.
We must understand how al Qaeda affiliated organizations operate in the region in 2011.”

Qaddafi is well aware of the reactionary aims of Wahhabism and understands only too well their modus operandi in the region. Being affiliated to al Qaeda does not mean that each cell refers to an al Qaeda central command. Rather, al Qaeda is a Wahhabi/Salafi ideological movement and it has reinvigorated Salafi movements and cells worldwide. The term Salafi simply refers to a contemporary strain of Wahhabism. If there remains any scepticism regarding Qaddafi's claims, let us turn to the Washington based think tank, the Council on Foreign Relations, which gives us a description of AQIM's operations in the region. On their official website they state:
Terrorist activity in North Africa has been reinvigorated in the last few years by a local Algerian Islamist groupturned pan-Maghreb jihadi organization: al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). A Sunni group that previously called itself the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), the organization has taken responsibility for a number of terrorist attacks in the region, declared its intention to attack Western targets, and sent a squad of jihadis to Iraq. Experts believe these actions suggest widening ambitions within the group's leadership, now pursuing a more global, sophisticated, and better-financed direction. Long categorized as part of a strictly domestic insurgency against Algeria's military government, AQIM claims to be the local franchise operation for al Qaeda, a worrying development for a region that has been relatively peaceful since the bloody Algerian civil war of the 1990s drew to a close. European officials are taking AQIM's international threats seriously and are worried about the growing number of Europe-based cells.”

The Struggle Continues

This current battle in Benghazi is not new in Libya. For many years, the revolutionary forces have been struggling to keep this feudal, reactionary brand of Islam in check. On February 24th, 2011, at the very outset of the Benghazi rebellion, al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb posted the following statement on the al Qaeda affiliated al Fajr website: "We declare our support for the legitimate demands of the Libyan revolution. We assert to our people in Libya that we are with you and will not let you down, God willing.
We will give everything we have to support you, with God's grace."

A few days after this statement was issued by AQIM, al Libi resurfaced. The same al Libi exposed by David Shayler as an al Qaeda operative working inside Libya back in the 90s. Now a top al Qaeda commander based in Afghanistan, he urged his countrymen to overthrow Muammar Qaddafi's regime and establish Islamic rule. Al Libi, a pseudonym that means 'the Libyan' in Arabic, said in a video, produced by As-Sahab, the media wing of al Qaeda, that “it would bring shame to the Libyan people if the strongman (Qaddafi) were allowed to die a peaceful death”.

Al Qaeda and Drugs in the Maghreb

Libya's revolutionary forces have also made continual references to the fact that there are drug problems in the region and that many of the young people are affected. Once again, this claim was scoffed at by Western media and analysts, who are ill informed about what is actually taking place on the ground.
As recently as November 2010, Moroccan police detained 34 people with ties to al Qaeda in the Islamic Mahgreb, attempting to move 1,300 pounds of cocaine through the country.
Moroccan Interior Minister, Taieb Cherquaoui said "We are dealing with an apparent coordination and collaboration between drug traffickers and terrorists linked to al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.”

He added that the leader of AQIM's drug ring was detained in Mali, and he stated that the international drug peddling ring involved local Moroccan drug traffickers, who were collaborating with al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, as well as cartels in Latin America. Until recently, Moroccan authorities have been able to keep the actions of al Qaeda inside Morocco at bay. The drug activity, however, has now revealed the extremist organization's growing network, and the interior minister expressed “the urgent need for the Sahel countries to collaborate to secure their territories and to fight the group's expansion.”

Tragically, the “coalition of crusaders” has seen fit to pound Qaddafi's defense installations, thereby preventing Libya from being able to challenge AQIM's expansion into their sovereign territory.
In a further development on this front, the Wahhabi spiritual leader of Ikhwan al Muslimeen, Egyptian cleric, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, issued a fatwa stating that any Libyan soldier who can shoot dead embattled leader Muammar Qaddafi should do so "to rid Libya of him." Qaradawi is a neo-feudalist, who has defended the practice of female genital mutilation, called for the death penalty to be applied to those who leave Islam and advocates separate systems of law for different classes of citizens. Such are the views of those who are opposing Muammar Qaddafi. Qaddafi stated clearly that the destabilization of Libya's eastern cities was being inspired and assisted by al Qaeda in the Islamic Magreb.”

In a letter to Barak al Hussein Obama and in a separate letter to Sarkozy, Cameron and Banki Moon hours before the coalition launched its first military strikes, Qaddafi stated clearly that the destabilization of Libya's eastern cities was being inspired and assisted by al Qaeda in the Islamic Magreb, and he invited member states of the coalition to come to Libya and confirm this reality for themselves.

Of course, just as the war in Iraq was not about establishing the truth regarding weapons of mass destruction, this war against Libya was not about discovering the truth of events on the ground or verifying Qaddafi's claims. When we understand the historical and present day facts, we realize that the crusader coalition is well aware of exactly who they are fighting and who they are supporting. In fact, that is why they were in such a hurry to act – to prevent any international fact finding mission which would verify Qaddafi's claims for the world to see.
In the letter to Obama, Qaddafi asked him if al Qaeda was occupying American cities what Obama would do so that he (Qaddafi) could follow his lead. All to no avail, because Qaddafi has been demonised to the point of being inhuman and therefore not requiring even the courtesy of a response. Named by US media as the Castro of the Middle East there is only one aim – remove him by any means necessary.

Why?

In contrast to the Wahhabis and the neo-colonial regimes in the region, Qaddafi is a revolutionary leader who has consistently opposed western hegemony in the Arab and African World. Libya's revolution has, for the past three decades, assisted liberation movements all over the world struggling against neo-colonialism and imperialism. Libya's oil resources are of course a factor. We know for sure that control of oil resources is a top priority for the the US and Europe. but even more worrying for the imperialists is Qaddafi's call for a United States of Africa – with one government, one army and one currency.
Not surprisingly, the actions taken against Qaddafi and Libya are in stark contrast to western inaction with regard to events on the ground in other countries in the region such as Yemen, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia, where protesters are being shot in the streets. In the case of Bahrain, protesters are being brutally suppressed with the assistance of invading Saudi ground forces and in Saudi Arabia itself, the regime has told its people that “anyone who raises a finger against the Saudi monarchy will have their finger cut off!.”
The so-called international community can barely name their long time partner in crime, Saudi Arabia, in their pronouncements, such is their support for this most undemocratic of regimes. In fact, far from condemning the actions of these governments, the Crusading coalition is frantically trying to get some of these same Arab countries to actively join the military operation against Libya so that this whole thing does not look like another US and European led aggression.

Are we going to hear impassioned pleas regarding the aspirations of the people of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia? Are the US, Britain and France going to launch attacks on Yemen and Bahrain to assist the uprisings there to achieve regime change. I don't think so.

Arab League legitimizes Crusade

The Arab League endorsed this imperialist attack on Libyan soil despite the nightmare of Iraq, where the number of civilian deaths has now reached one and a half million. It is an honor for Qaddafi to have no support among this league of bloated imperialist surrogates. At a recent meeting, he told them, prophetically it now seems that they should be ashamed of themselves, having sat by and watched the US hang the entire leadership of the Iraqi Arab Ba'ath regime. It should be noted that although there were serious ideological and political differences between Qaddafi and Saddam Hussein, Libya took a principled position regarding hostile external aggression against Iraq. A few days ago, the National Leadership of the Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party issued a statement expressing solidarity with the revolutionary forces of Libya.

The Arab League has been consistently embarrassed by Qaddafi's outspoken criticism of their double standards and hypocrisy with regard to Palestine, Iraq and a host of other issues; they are terrified by Qaddafi's revolutionary Islam, and are contemptuous of Black Africa and Qaddafi's attempts to bring about African-Arab unity. Recently, when Qaddafi urged Libyans to intermarry with Africans, following the example of Prophet Muhammad himself, who encouraged intermarriage between races, Libyan and Arab contempt for Black Africans re-surfaced.

Extremely few fair skinned Arabs would sanction the marriage of their daughters to a Black African. Rarely do fair skinned Libyans marry Black Libyans. Their disdain for Black people runs deep.
The Arab League is terrified by Qaddafi's revolutionary Islam, and is contemptuous of Black Africa and Qaddafi's attempts to bring about African-Arab unity.”

In fact, across other Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and the Gulf States, the horror stories emerging regarding the mistreatment of African domestic servants is reminiscent of the kind of treatment meted out to Black people during the days of chattel slavery. So a project for the development and unification of all of Africa, uniting, on equal terms, the 'Arab' north with Black Africa, is not close to the hearts of many fair skinned Arabs. Qaddafi is an exception to the rule. In his book “Islam and the Third Universal Theory: The Religious Thought of Muammar Qaddafi,” the respected Muslim scholar, Mahmoud Ayoub, states that:

He (Qaddafi) wishes to follow the example of the Prophet who fought with such determination against oppression and inequality in society that Bilal, the Black slave, became equal with his master Umayyah. He sees his own mission and the task of the Libyan revolution as having the same motivations and goal for modern Muslim society. The basic aim of the Green Book is to present in general and contemporary terms the ideals of justice and equality which Qaddafi sees in the Qur'an and the life of the Prophet and his community.” And what of Libya's African neighbours?

'A Million Man March'

Already an estimated 16,000 African freedom fighters (not mercenaries as the BBC, CNN and Al Jazeera would have us believe) have poured into Libya from the Congo, Guinea, Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Niger, Chad, Mauritania, Southern Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia and Burkina Faso to fight to the death for the Libyan revolution and Brother Muammar Al Qaddafi.

According to an official in northern Mali, hundreds of young Tuaregs from Mali and Niger are also among the African fighters, "We’re very worried", said Assalat Ag Abdou Salam, president of the Regional Assembly of Kidal, "These young people are moving in droves to Libya. It’s very dangerous for us because whether Qaddafi wins or falls the impact will be felt in our region." We are witnessing a Pan-African unity on the ground that we have never seen before. Who is this man and this revolution that has the moral authority and power to draw an army of Africans from every corner of the continent? One Tripoli resident answered with the following statement: “Qaddafi is our Che Guevara, and for Libyans and many people around the world, he is a symbol of freedom and democracy.” An estimated 16,000 African freedom fighters have poured into Libya.” He explained that the West does not understand Libya and the age old tribal and religious battles that are being waged, and pointed out, that even if Qaddafi was to leave Libya, these armed gangs and tribes would fight till judgment day. He added that it is Qaddafi who has tried for the last 40 years to overcome these age old conflicts and the backwardness that accompanies them, and build real democracy, through a system of people's congresses and popular committees.
He finished by saying that “the West does not know this man but that they would surely come to know who he is now.”

The Pan-Africanism we are finally witnessing is not the ivory tower academic brand, which has been viewed as relatively harmless and ineffective by the imperialists, but a grassroots Pan-Africanism - bottom up - which has given birth to the continent's first Pan-African army, willing to lay down their lives for a revolution and a leader that they love and to whom they owe a great deal. Many of these fighters and liberation movements have received education, military training and assistance from Libya when they were battling imperialist backed despotic regimes in their own countries, and now they are determined to defend the man and country who stood by them in their darkest hour. This attack on Libya has serious repercussions for the entire African continent.

The Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (South Africa) travelled to Libya to meet with Qaddafi face to face and express their support and solidarity. They issued a statement expressing “their support to Qaddafi, who had been crucial to the PAC during the days of apartheid in South Africa.”
“We have a long cooperation with Qaddafi himself and Libya. Our cadres were trained in Libya by Qaddafi and a friend is a friend no matter what,” said the party’s spokesman, Mzwanele Nyhontso. Qaddafi has been a friend to all oppressed peoples throughout the world. There is hardly a liberation movement that has not been helped in some way by Qaddafi and Libya over the past three decades. He is our friend and brother and let's hope everyone is clear on who our enemies are.

The Emperor is naked - what's new?

Of course, imperialist maneuvers and crusades similar to this current one have been on going for centuries. In more recent times, from Vietnam to Iraq, we have seen the same scenario played out based on a litany of lies. So what is different this time around? Certainly not the lying part – they are still weaving their usual web of lies. The African freedom fighter Kwame Ture, who had close ties with the Libyan revolution, warned us that “the imperialists don't just lie sometimes, they lie all the time.”

What is different is that things are changing for the imperialists as the world plunges deeper and deeper into chaos, and their ability to influence affairs worldwide is diminishing rapidly. In the midst of rebellions all over the Arab world, what is clear is that fewer and fewer people give a damn what the US and Europe thinks. So they saw fit to take desperate measures in an attempt to regain some political hegemony and limit the demise of their strategic influence in the region. Even as Mussa Kussa, the Libyan Foreign Minister, announced a cease fire and the Libyan authorities determination to accept the UN resolution and utilize it in a positive way, the French and British were in a frenzy, trying to get international support for military strikes against the Libyan forces. We have witnessed their war mongering before, however, they were quite literally foaming at the bit this time.
The imperialists will become more and more desperate in their attempts to regain their influence.”
Such a frenzy can only be understood against a backdrop of their dwindling ability to dominate. Even in the economic sphere, their power is decreasing, as China, India and Brazil emerge as vital new trading partners in Africa and South America. In the words of Kwame Nkrumah, “Neo-colonialism is not a sign of imperialism’s strength, but rather of its last hideous gasp”.

In 2011, the imperialists have brought the world to the brink of disaster. At an economic summit, at the outset of the current ongoing global capitalist crisis, former president of Brazil, Lula da Silva, publicly told the gathering that “the credit crunch was the fault of white, blue-eyed people.”

As the capitalist crisis worsens, and the world plunges deeper and deeper into chaos, the imperialists will become more and more desperate in their attempts to regain their influence and direct events worldwide as they are used to doing. Events which they are increasingly incapable of comprehending – not only because of the speed at which these events are occurring, but also because of the complexity of the events and the paradigm shifts taking place, that are, quite simply, far outside their western imagination.
Furthermore, they have lost all credibility as the Iraq and Afghanistan debacles continue. The Emperor is naked, and the hypocrisy of the Empire has become so transparent, that even the least informed observers are finally realizing that something is horribly wrong.

A Last Hideous Gasp?

Imperialism is experiencing its “last hideous gasp” and it is imperative for progressive and revolutionary movements worldwide to seize this moment and to oppose this current assault with all of our collective strength. Those who still struggle to see the wood from the trees remain enablers of the continued enslavement of our people. As Pan- africanists we need to come together as never before to defend this brother and the Libyan Al Fateh revolution.

Sadly, the African Union has become another impotent international body with a neo-colonial mindset, due to the fact that unfortunately, a number of member states are still imperialist facilitators. The Pan-Africanist scholar, Chinweizu, calls these facilitaors of imperialism “leaders in Africa,” because, as he points out, they are not “African leaders.”

Despite this, the African Union, under the guidance of progressive members, has managed to take a principled stand on Libya. In a statement issued by the AU Peace and Security Council, headed by Zimbabwe, they unanimously opposed any foreign military intervention and recognised the unity and territorial sovereignty of the North African State of Libya. The statement went on to call for “an urgent African action for the immediate cessation of all hostilities.”

How good and how pleasant it would be, before God and man...

Muammar Qaddafi has a vision for Africa - a United States of Africa - with one government, one army and one currency. Of course, if this were to happen, it would shift the balance of power globally. The well documented fact is that if Africa stopped the flow of all African resources and raw materials to the western nations for just one week – the United States and Europe would grind to a halt – they are that dependent on Africa and are therefore determined to maintain their ability to control events on the continent.
Control over Africa’s affairs has always been a priority for the imperialist project. As Minister Louis Farrakhan pointed out many years ago at a conference in Libya, “Europe and the US cannot go forward into the new century without unfettered access to the vast natural resources of Africa” and he added that “Qaddafi is one who stands in their way.”

If they cannot maintain control, then at least they must try to maintain Africa's divisions, thereby ensuring it is always in a position of weakness. African unity and true independence is something white supremacy, in all of its manifestations – capitalism, imperialism and neo-colonialism - will oppose with all its might. When Sarkozy the clown, to quote Saif Qaddafi, made his ridiculous pronouncement recognizing the rag tag conglomerate of reactionaries in Benghazi as the sole legitimate representative of the Libyan people, and Hillary rushed to meet with the “Libyan opposition,” the sinister imperialist plot began to unfold. Their mission was certainly not to “protect innocent civilians.” They had from the outset, very clearly chosen a side and now, as they bombard the Libyan revolutionary forces we know without any doubt, whose side they are on. If they cannot maintain control, then at least they must try to maintain Africa's divisions.”

Their plot further unravelled, when a Dutch helicopter, carrying Dutch marines on some kind of sabotage/espionage mission was captured right inside Libyan territory. The Dutch government finally acknowledged that its warship, the Tromp, was offshore in the sea off Sirte and the captured helicopter had lifted-off from there. If the rebellion in Benghazi was, as the media has reported, “a spontaneous rebellion, like others in the region,” then the Dutch were surprisingly well prepared. Actually, it would have been impossible for them to arrive so swiftly at the scene, and so they had to have had prior knowledge of what was taking place. It is now crystal clear that this rebellion in Benghazi was an orchestrated attempt, supported by foreign sources, to use the events taking place across North Africa as a cover for the overthrow of the Libyan revolution.

And then there was William Hague’s brazen landing of the British SAS personnel inside Libyan territory to make contact with the al Qaeda inspired rebels. Of course it is no surprise that the British and al Qaeda are on the same side – as noted above they have been collaborating to destroy Libya for a very long time. Reactionaries inevitably end up dovetailing, and a partnership with the imperialists is after all where al Qaeda had its beginnings: as a US instrument in the war against the Soviets in Afghanistan. George Bush Senior had close ties with the Taliban, and Ronald Reagan poured millions of dollars into assisting the Jihadists in Afghanistan, the forerunners of al Qaeda, which means 'the base', and refers to a data base of Mujahideen from numerous countries, compiled with the help of the CIA.

Many Battlefronts

In addition to the battle between “true religion and false religion” to paraphrase the Muslim revolutionary thinker, Ali Shariati, there is another major battlefront in Libya. It is the battle between Black Africans and those fair skinned 'Arab settlers', who embrace a “separatist” stance, refusing to acknowledge their African heritage, and who want little to do with the Pan-African project although they are on the African continent. As noted above, these 'Arabs' look upon black people with utter contempt and disdain. They definitely do not share Qaddafi's vision of a united Africa and resent the resources of Libya being used to assist projects towards this end throughout the continent. It has been well documented that the Libyan rebels are committing crimes against humanity. There have been “African hunts” in rebel held territory. Black workers, students and refugees have been detained, raped and executed - some of them were led into the desert and stabbed to death. Even Black Libyans have been targeted, and many of them have been abducted by armed rebels and are being held in secret locations. These are the forces that the imperialists are racing to support. There has been a deafening silence from the so-called international community and western media regarding these well documented “African Hunts” and the massacre of Black Africans by the rebels.

Black workers, students and refugees have been detained, raped and executed.”

From Washington, France and London, they continue their attempts to demonise Muammar Qaddafi with their lies. But the truth is that he is a revolutionary and a freedom fighter, who has assisted almost every struggle for liberation over the past three decades, and worked tirelessly, day and night, to facilitate African advancement and unification. At the same time, the revolution he has led, has taken Libya from the status of being the poorest country in the world to a country that has attained the highest standard of living in Africa. The “weapons of mass deception” assembled by the Crusaders can never succeed in portraying him as a ruthless dictator - an enemy of humanity?

Let us heed the warning of the great revolutionary, Al Hajj Malik Al Shabazz, better known as Malcolm X:
“The media's the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that's power because they control the minds of the masses.”

As I write this article, Qaddafi is addressing the world. He is defiant, preparing Libyans for a long war and assuring the crusaders that they will never get their hands on Libya and its resources. Meanwhile, the coalition of Crusaders and their Arab enablers are starting to show some signs of strain.
I am reminded of Qaddafi's words in 1986, when Reagan bombed his residence, “They may hit us with long range missiles and aircrafts – this is expected, but they will never stay. This land is too hot for their feet.”

Gerald A. Perreira has lived in Libya for many years. He served in the Green March, an international battalion for the defense of the Libyan revolution and was an executive member of the World Mathaba based in Tripoli. He can be contacted at mojadi94@gmail.com


Monday, 14 February 2011

EGYPT'S RULERS FOR THE PAST 60 YEARS

File:Kingfarouk1948.jpg

KING FAROUK (1948)

As I mentioned previously, the young officers of the Egyptian Army overthrew  the last King of Egypt, Farouk . However, I neglected to mention the role that the CIA played in that as well.
Farouk was widely condemned for his corrupt and ineffectual governance, the continued British occupation, and the Egyptian army’s failure to prevent the loss of 78% of Palestine to the newly formed State of Israel in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Public discontent against Farouk rose to new levels.
In the CIA, the project to overthrow King Farouk, known internally known as “Project FF [Fat Fucker]” , was initiated by CIA operative Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. after CIA disappointment at King Farouk for not improving the functionality and usefulness of his government. The CIA supported the coup d’état against King Farouk by not opposing the efforts of the free officers to overthrow him.
Finally, on 23 July 1952, the Free Officers Movement under Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser staged a military coup that launched the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Farouk was forced to abdicate, and went into exile in Monaco and Italy where he lived for the rest of his life.  Farouk fled Egypt in great haste; his abandoned possessions—including a huge collection of pornography—became an object of curiosity and ridicule.
Immediately following his abdication, Farouk’s baby son, Ahmed Fuad was proclaimed King Fuad II, but for all intents and purposes Egypt was now governed by Naguib, Nasser and the Free Officers.  On 18 June 1953, the revolutionary government formally abolished the monarchy, ending 150 years of the Muhammad Ali dynasty’s rule, and Egypt was declared a republic.  [SOURCE WIKIPEDIA]
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File:Muhammad Naguib.jpg
Muhammad Nagib – First President of Egypt   June 1953 – November 1954
Naguib was at the forefront of the Free Officer’s movement, lending it legitimacy in the eyes of the people, the army, politicians and foreign powers. Within 24 hours of the beginning of the revolution, the newly formed Revolution Command Council (RCC) had asserted that their movement’s peaceful intentions, with Naguib as its leader. Naguib’s was a familiar name at the time, unlike those of the other Free Officers, who were too young and too junior in rank to have made a name for themselves.
Naguib began to clash with other RCC members over how the Revolution’s goals should be implemented. He wanted to phase out the political influence of the military and return the country to civilian rule, believing that the role of the military was not to rule the country, but rather to protect those in power. The army, he thought, could interfere to change a corrupt regime, but then it should withdraw.
Nasser, by contrast, thought that any talk of democracy, or of a multi-party system, or of the withdrawal of the army from politics, would allow the Wafd, the Muslim Brotherhood and the other political parties to regain the ground they had lost in 1952.
Following his resignation, Naguib was then isolated by President Nasser in a Cairo’s suburb villa owned by Zienab Al-Wakil, wife of Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha,  ex-Prime Minister of Egypt. Naguib was released from his isolation in 1972 by President Sadat.  [SOURCE WIKIPEDIA]
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File:Nasser.jpg
Gamal Abdel Nasser 2nd President Egypt June 1956 to September 1970
Under his leadership, Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal, and came to play a central role in anti-imperialist efforts in the Arab World and Africa. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the international Non-Aligned Movement. He is well-known for his nationalist policies and version of pan-Arabism, also referred to as Nasserism, which won a great following in the Arab World during the 1950s and 1960s. Although his status as “leader of the Arabs” was severely tarnished by the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War, many in the general Arab populace still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom.
On September 28, 1970 Nasser died suddenly of a heart attack.  His funeral procession through Cairo, on 1 October, was attended by at least five million mourners.  As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, a Beirut-based newspaper stated, “One hundred million human beings—the Arabs—are orphans.”
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Muhammad Anwar El Sadat – Third Egyptian  President October 1970 – 1981
He was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalists on 6 October 1981. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the Camp David Accords, but his negotiations with Israel and the ensuing Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty were unpopular amongst some Arabs, resulting in a temporary suspension of Egypt’s membership in the Arab League
The last years of Sadat’s reign were marked by turmoil and there were several allegations of corruption against him and his family. In January 1977, a series of ‘Bread Riots’ protested Sadat’s economic liberalization and specifically a government decree lifting price controls on basic necessities like bread. Dozens of nightclubs on the famous Pyramids Street were sacked by Islamists. Following the riots the government reversed its position and re-established the price controls.
A fatwā approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the US for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
Sadat was protected by four layers of security and eight bodyguards, and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules. As Egyptian Air Force Mirage jets flew overhead, distracting the crowd, Egyptian Army soldiers and troop trucks paraded. One troop truck contained the assassination squad, led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. As the truck passed, the assassins dismounted, and Islambouli approached Sadat. Sadat stood to receive his salute, whereupon, Islambouli threw three grenades at Sadat, only one of which exploded, and additional assassins rose from the truck, firing assault rifles into the stands. After Sadat was hit and fell to the ground, people threw chairs around him to protect him from the hail of bullets. He died from bullet wounds to his aorta though he also had intestinal and neck wounds.
The attack lasted about two minutes. Sadat and eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, and a Coptic Orthodox bishop. 28 were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four US military liaison officers. Security forces were momentarily stunned but reacted within seconds. Two of the attackers were killed and the others were arrested by military police on site. Sadat was rushed to a hospital, where eleven doctors operated on him, but was pronounced dead within hours.
QUEEN’S FAVORITE SADAT QUOTES:
“Most people seek after what they do not possess and are enslaved by the very things they want to acquire.”
“Fear is, I believe, a most effective tool in destroying the soul of an individual – and the soul of a people.”
“There can be hope only for a society which acts as one big family, not as many separate ones.”
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Hosni Mubarak Fourth president of Egypt assumed office October 1981
According to the BBC, Mubarak has survived six assassination attempts.  In June 1995 there was an alleged assassination attempt involving noxious gases and Egyptian Islamic Jihad while he was in Ethiopia for a conference of the Organization of African Unity.  Upon return Mubarak is said to have authorized bombings on Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya which by 1999 saw 20,000 persons placed in detention related to the revolutionary Islamic organizations. He was also reportedly injured by a knife-wielding assailant in Port Said in September 1999.
Mubarak has kept himself in power by rigging elections.
While in office, political corruption in the Mubarak administration’s Ministry of Interior has risen dramatically, due to the increased power over the institutional system that is necessary to secure the prolonged presidency[clarification needed]. Such corruption has led to the imprisonment of political figures and young activists without trials, illegal undocumented hidden detention facilities,  and rejecting universities, mosques, newspapers staff members based on political inclination. On a personnel level, each individual officer are allowed to violate citizens’ privacy in his area using unconditioned arrests due to the emergency law.
Transparency International (TI) is an international organization addressing corruption, including, but not limited to, political corruption. In 2010, TI’s Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report.  {SOURCE WIKIPEDIA]

Friday, 11 February 2011

7 REASONS WHY SEX IS GOOD

Don’t worry about the calories in those Valentine's Day chocolates – a proper celebration in the bedroom can help keep you in shape.
In fact, sex can benefit your health in many ways. Here are seven reasons to give and get a little love – not just this special day, but any time.

Good for the heart

Sex is good for your heart. Like any physical exertion, sex is a form of cardio-exercise, which gets your heart pumping faster and helps it stay in shape. What's more, studies have shown that men who have sex two or more times per week cut their risk of a fatal heart attack by half.

Helps you lose weight 

Like any form of exercise, sex helps you lose weight. Having sex for 30 minutes can burn off 85 calories. To put that in perspective: 15 minutes on the treadmill could burn up to 200 calories; 42 of these half-hour sessions, then, could shave a pound off your weight.

Boosts your immune system

While it's possible to contract a wide range of diseases, both from sex and from simple contact with others, safe sex between healthy partners can make you better equipped to fight illness.
Those who have sex once or twice a week have been shown to have higher levels of immunoglobulin A or IgA, an antibody which helps protect you from respiratory diseases like the cold and flu.
Don’t go overboard, though – in studies, those who had sex three or more times a week had the lowest levels of antibodies.

Reduces the risk of prostate cancer

For younger men, sex reduces the risk of prostate cancer. Researchers have found that men in their 20s who had five or more ejaculations per week were one third less likely to develop the cancer in later life. Although they found no such correlation for older men, you could try to prove them wrong.

Relieves stress

There's a medical explanation for the mood boost sex gives you. The brain releases endorphins during and after sex, and these neurotransmitters create a feeling of euphoria while masking the negative effects of stress.
Researchers have also found that sex lowers your blood pressure, which is good for your health and allows you to better keep your cool in stressful situations.

It relieves pain

Endorphins and lower blood pressure also mean that sex relieves pain. Endorphins are released during sex because of the heightened levels of the hormone oxytocin in your body. This has been known to alleviate arthritic and menstrual pain, among other things. Lower blood pressure can also help relieve migraines.

It helps you sleep

In addition to relieving stress and pain, the oxytocin generated during sex helps you sleep better. Sex relaxes you, promoting deeper, more restful sleep. What more do you need?

Thursday, 13 January 2011

THE WORLD'S MOST EXPENSIVE COIN


A brief history of coinage

Gold Double Eagle Coins
In February 1849, Congress authorized the striking of $20 gold coins designed by Chief-Engraver James Barton Longacre. Between 1850 and 1933, U.S. mints turned out more than 165 million Double Eagles. They were called "double eagles" because prior to 1850, "eagles" with a denomination of $10 were the largest denomination of US coinage, thus $20 were "double" the amount of the $10 coins.
1849 Trial Pattern $20 Double Eagle Obverse1849 Trial Pattern $20 Double Eagle Reverse
Struck on March 12, 1850 (although the date is struck as 1849), this is one of the two
known trial pattern coins; the second has never been found, making this one of a kind.
This was the very first of the double eagles, issued from 1850 to 1907.
$10 eagles began production in 1795, just two years after the first U.S. mint opened. Often the name, "eagle" is thought to be a nickname but is actually the official name for "eagles", "half-eagles", etc., in the act of congress that originally authorized them.
The California Gold Rush created a constant flow of gold so instead of striking gold in traditional $10 pieces, the mint decided to also issue larger denominations. In 1849, the mint produced two proof pieces. The first resides in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC. The second was presented to then Treasury Secretary William M. Meredith and later sold as part of his estate. The present location of this second coin remains unknown.
The Gold Double Eagles remained the premier gold coin in the the United States until President Franklin Roosevelt's 1933 Executive Order 6102, which required Americans to turn in their gold coins and bullion. This stopped the production of gold coinage and made it illegal to own the metal except for "gold coins having a recognized value to collectors of rare and unusual coins" which meant coin collectors could retain their pieces. 
After World War I, financial instability was experienced throughout the world which caused many people to hoard gold and this ultimately affected the U.S. gold reserves. The problem was worsened in the 1930's by a banking crisis that led to the closing of all banks from March 6th to the 9th. 
It because of these crises that President Franklin D. Roosevelt legislated the Emergency Bank Relief Act of March 9, 1933 and the Gold Reserve Act of January 1934. This succeeded in putting an end to the crises and allowing banks to re-open, but gold had to be turned in and melted down, thereby discontinuing the domestic gold standard.
Roosevelt's action is often referred to as a confiscation, but technically was a call-in because those turning in their Double Eagles were given twenty dollars in paper money which had equal purchasing power at that time.
Double eagles were routinely minted through 1933, although few of the very last years' coinages were released before Roosevelt's gold recall legislation. These pieces will have very high prices today. 
In the spring of 1933, 455,500 double eagles were struck but never released for circulation although some were stolen from the government and over the years many of those were recovered. Two of these were presented by the United States Mint to the U.S. National Numismatic Collection and are on display in the Money and Medals Hall of the National Museum of American History.
The Gold Double Eagle coin measures 34 mm in diameter and contains .9675 ounce of gold in an alloy of 90% gold and 10% copper. The official gross weight of the Gold Double Eagle coin is 516 grains. 
Regular issue Gold Double Eagle coins are of two major types. They were first minted with the Liberty Head design and later the St. Gaudens gold coins. These can further be classified in six minor varieties as follows:Liberty Head (Coronet) (1849–1907)Type 1 - Liberty Head, no motto, "Twenty D." (1849–1866)
Type 2 - Liberty Head, with motto, "Twenty D." (1866–1876)
Type 3 - Liberty Head, with motto, "Twenty Dollars" (1877–1907)
Saint Gaudens 1907–1933Saint Gaudens, High Relief, Roman Numerals, no motto (1907)
Saint Gaudens, Low Relief, Arabic Numerals, no motto (1907–1908)
Saint Gaudens, Low Relief, Arabic Numerals, with motto (1908–1933)
 
Liberty Head (Coronet) (1849 - 1907)Clicking on the images below will open a larger image in a new window:
Designed by Chief-Engraver James Barton Longacre, Liberty Coronet double eagles were the first design to be minted in $20 coinage. Longacre’s left-facing Liberty on the obverse is said to be modeled after a Hellenistic sculpture - the Crouching Venus.
A little over a decade later, at the beginning of the 1861 minting, Assistant Engraver Anthony C. Paquet made a small modification to the reverse of the coin by using tall, narrow letters. However, when coining began with his new design, it became obvious that the border was too narrow compared with the obverse for proper striking and stacking, and striking at Philadelphia was immediately stopped. Before orders reached New Orleans and San Francisco mints to cease striking using the Paquet reverse dies, it was already too late to prevent the issue of over 19,000 these pieces.
In 1866, the motto "In God We Trust" was added to the Liberty Coronet double eagle resulting in the second subtype. Chief-Engraver James Barton Longacre died on January 1, 1869.  William Barber, his successor, and Barber’s son, Charles, made small variations in the design which in 1877, included a change on the reverse from "TWENTY D." to "TWENTY DOLLARS" resulting in the third subtype. Also, a change in the angle of the truncation of the neck on Liberty provided additional space for the placement of the date.

On December 22, 1907, the experimental high-relief Saint Gaudens double eagle was struck for the first time. President Theodore Roosevelt was a great admirer of ancient Greek coins and wanted to bring the same beauty to U.S. coinage. For this, he approached the sculptor, Augustus Saint Gaudens, to redesign the $10 and $20 coins who chose an advancing figure of Lady Liberty for the obverse and a flying eagle on the reverse. St. Gaudens' mark appears on the coins' obverse beneath the date.
Charles Barber, chief engraver of the US Mint at the time, did not like the new design as it took eleven strikes to make the high relief details, and because of the high relief, the coins did not stack very well. These coins are easily sold for over $10,000 even in circulated grades.  Only 12,367 were minted in all.  In the highest grades, prices for each one can reach half a million dollars in value.
The mint experimented with a reduced diameter of the coin to about the size of a checker while making it thicker in an attempt to keep the high relief. Most were destroyed with the exception of two which are in the Mint's collection. This is because it was learned that the consent of Congress was required to change the diameter of US coins.
St. Gaudens redesigned the coin for a lower relief, but it wasn't long before the design was again flattened for circulating coins. Some of the high relief coins did find their way into circulation except for the years of 1917 - 1919 when no coins were struck. Other than those dates, the coins were minted continuously until 1933. One of the high relief coins was given to President Roosevelt from Augustus Saint-Gaudens as a gift and in 1967, Cornelius van Schaak Roosevelt, a nephew of the President, donated it to the National Numismatic Collection.
St. Gaudens lived to finish only the double eagle and the Indian Eagle. These were considered to be two of the most extraordinary pieces of art on any American coin. The double eagle design has been voted the best American gold coin design. In fact, you may recognize the St. Gaudens design on the popular American Eagle gold bullion coins that were instituted beginning in 1986.
When the Saint Gaudens double eagle was first produced, several changes were made. For example, in 1907, the coins depicted the date in Roman numerals, but this was changed later that year to Arabic numerals. (1907 double eagles and 1986-1991 gold American Eagles are the only coins depicting Roman numerals for the date on American coinage.)
Also, the "In God We Trust" motto was not on the original design because President Roosevelt felt that it was not appropriate to display the name of God on money. However, the motto was added in 1908 by an act of Congress.
In 1912, the St. Gaudens' design was changed again with the addition of two stars  along the rim when Arizona and New Mexico became states, increasing the number of stars from 46 to 48.

1933 Saint Gaudens Double Eagle
 
Although the the 1933 Saint Gaudens Double Eagle is not a separate subtype, it is noteworthy to mention here because of the history associated with this year of the double eagle.
1933 is the last year double eagles were minted and 445,500 pieces total were struck although none were supposed to have circulated because of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102 which made the circulation and private possession of United States gold coins illegal for general circulation - with an exemption for collectible coins. 
Most were melted down before ever reaching circulation. Because they were never officially issued, the 1933 double eagles are supposed to remain in possession of the US government. The only exception is the one auctioned on July 30, 2002 for an amazing $7,590,020 (the record for highest price paid at auction for a single U.S coin). It was originally legally obtained by King Farouk of Egypt in 1944. (More on this below.)
Two of the 1933 double eagles were presented by the United States Mint to the U.S. National Numismatic Collection and are on display in the Money and Medals Hall of the National Museum of American History and should have been the only two in existence. 
But some of the 1933 double eagles were stolen, possibly by the Mint Cashier, George McCann. At least nine of the coins are known to have ended up in the hands of collectors by way of Philadelphia jeweler Israel Switt. 
Israel Switt had many contacts and friends within the Philadelphia Mint, and reportedly had access to many points of the minting process. It has been theorized that McCann swapped 1932 double eagles for the 1933 pieces before they were to be melted down, thereby avoiding any discrepancies in accounting and inventory. And it was through his personal relationship with George McCann that Israel Switt obtained the stolen 1933 Double Eagles.
It has also been further suggested that Switt could have obtained the 1933 coins legally by exchanging gold bullion for coins. There were three weeks in March 1933 when new double eagles could have possibly been legally obtained because striking of the double eagles began on March 15th, but it was not until April 5th that President Roosevelt's executive order to ban them went into effect. Also, on March 6, 1933, the Secretary of the Treasury ordered the Director of the Mint to pay gold only under license issued by the Secretary, and the U.S. Mint Cashier's daily statements do not show that any 1933 Double Eagles were paid out although this may have allowed for an exchange.
When it was discovered that 1933 gold eagles had gotten into the hands of the public, the Secret Service launched an investigation in 1944 and seven coins were recovered that year. By 1952, only one was thought to remain in public possession.
But in 2005, the U.S. Mint discovered another ten unauthorized 1933 Double Eagle coins when private collector Joan S. Langbord contacted the mint to surrender the coins. She claimed she legally inherited the coins from her father, none other than Israel Switt, a suspect in the original theft. She voluntarily surrendered the coins which were authenticated in 2005 by the U.S Mint working with the Smithsonian Institution and the coins are now held at Fort Knox.
However, because the U.S. government did not compensate her for turning in the coins, she is planning a federal suit to get the coins back. The Mint did announce that the coins may be saved for display in August 2005, but as of December, 2007, no formal statement has been made. 
In the 1970's President Ford signed legislation that made it legal for the public to once again own gold bullion. Before 1974, any 1933 double eagles recovered were considered gold bullion and therefore melted down but today, any that are recovered now can be preserved although the Mint maintains that they cannot be considered legal possession by a member of the public since they were never officially issued and should be considered property of the government.

King Farouk's Double Eagle
Picture of King Farouk of Egypt in 1948King Farouk of Egypt was known to be a collector of many rare and valuable items from around the world and one of these included - you guessed it - one of the 1933 double eagles. It was in 1944 that Farouk purchased the coin by the strictest legal means. His ministers even applied to the U.S. for an export license for the coin.
It was perfect timing because the license was granted only days before the theft of double eagles from the Mint was discovered. The Treasury Department requested the return of the coin through diplomatic channels the ongoing World War II resulted in many delays.
On July 23, 1952, the Free Officers Movement under Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser staged a military coup d'etat that launched the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 and Farouk was forced to abdicate.
Many of his possessions were put up for public auction including the 1933 double eagle coin. Although the U.S. again requested return of the coin and the Egyptian government said it would cooperate, it disappeared and was not seen again until over 40 years later...allegedly.
It was found in possession of British coin dealer, Stephen Fenton in a sting operation at Waldorf-Astoria hotel in New York. At first he said he purchased the coin from a customer at his shop, but later under testimony swore that it came from King Farouk's collection although this could not be verified.
The charges against Fenton were dropped as he defended his ownership of the coin, but in July 2001 the case was finally settled when it was agreed that ownership was to be transferred to the U.S. government and the coin was temporarily placed in the treasury vaults of the World Trade Center. 
The U.S. Treasury then issued a document to "issue and monetize" the coin which made it the only legal tender gold coin in the United States and it could now be legally sold at auction. In July of 2001, the coin was transferred to Fort Knox. In September, the World Trade Center where the coin was temporarily stored was destroyed by the 9-11 terrorist attacks.
This brings us to the record for the highest amount paid at auction for a single U.S coin almost a year later. At an auction by Sotheyby's on July 30th, 2002, an anonymous bidder bought the coin for 6.6 million dollars. This was to include an additional 15% buyer's premium (and the $20 fee to monetize the face value coin, making it legal U.S. currency) bringing the total to an astronomical $7,590,020!
Half of the price paid was given to the U.S. Treasury while Stephen Fenton was given the other half. The auction took less than nine minutes.


The 1933 Gold Double Eagle was Never Officially Issued
The U.S. Gold Double Eagle, Saint-Gaudens type, had been issued from 1907 until 1932. Although 445,500 Double Eagles had been minted with the 1933 date, none were released into circulation because of changes made to currency laws during the Great Depression. In an effort to end the run on the banks and stabilize the economy, President Franklin Roosevelt took America off the gold standard. Not only were no more gold coins to be issued for circulation, people had to turn in the ones they had.
The 1933 Double Eagles are Ordered to be Destroyed
It became illegal for private citizens to own gold coins, unless they clearly had a collectible value. This law was enacted during desperate times to prevent the hoarding of gold currency. Since there would be no more gold currency issued in the U.S., the Mint had melted down the 1933 run of Gold Double Eagles and converted them to gold bullion bars by 1937.
Some of the Double Eagles Escaped the Melt Down
Two of the 1933 specimens were given by the Mint to the U.S. National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institute. These were the only two legal specimens to ever become part of a coin collection; however, by 1952, the Secret Service had confiscated 8 more 1933 Double Eagles! How did they leave the Mint? Why weren't they melted down?
Was the 1933 Double Eagle Switched for Another Coin?
We may never know for certain how these coins left the Mint, but there is a general consensus among scholars that a Mint cashier by the name of George McCann exchanged about 20 1933's doomed for destruction and replaced them with earlier dated Double Eagles. This way, the accounting books would balance and nobody would realize that anything was amiss.

What we do know for sure is that a Philadelphia area jeweler by the name of Israel Switt came into possession of at least 19 of the coins.
The Coin of a King
Israel Switt sold at least 9 of the 1933 Double Eagles privately to collectors, one of which found its way into the collection of King Farouk of Egypt. When the Secret Service discovered that these coins had surfaced, they confiscated them all because they were considered to be stolen property of the U.S. Mint. However, King Farouk had legally exported his coin before the theft was discovered, and the Secret Service was unable to recover his specimen through diplomatic channels.
The King's Specimen is Recovered in a Sting Operation
After King Farouk was deposed in 1952, his 1933 Double Eagle briefly appeared on the market, but when it became clear that U.S. authorities still wanted to confiscate it, it vanished again! More than 40 years later, British coin dealer Stephen Fenton showed up with it in New York, and the Secret Service finally seized it during a sting operation during which they purportedly negotiated to purchase the coin.
The 1933 Double Eagle is Nearly Destroyed by Terrorists
Fenton fought a several year-long legal battle in the U.S. courts over ownership of the coin, during time which it was stored in the Treasury Vaults at the World Trade Center. A mere 2 months before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the lawsuit was settled and the Double Eagle was moved to Fort Knox. Fenton and the U.S. Mint had come to a compromise: the coin would be sold at auction, with the proceeds split between the Fenton and the Mint.
Legal Tender at Last - and the Most Valuable Coin in the World
The 1933 Double Eagle sold at auction on July 30, 2002, for $6.6 million, plus the 15% buyer's fee, which brought the total cost to the buyer to $7,590,000, plus $20 to monetize the coin and compensate the Mint for the $20 it believes it lost when the coin was thought to have been stolen. The buyer chose to remain anonymous, so once again we don't know where the Farouk specimen is, or when it might suddenly show up again. One thing is for sure: the Secret Service can't confiscate it any more!
Ten More Specimens Hang in Limbo
In September of 2004, Joan Langbord, one of Israel Switt's heirs, discovered ten more specimens of the 1933 Double Eagle amongst his effects. Apparently unaware of the legal status of these coins (or perhaps just a bit too trusting of the government) she sent all ten specimens to the U.S. Mint to have them authenticated. The Secret Service declared the coins to be seized, and now Langbord is fighting the government over ownership while the specimens languish at Fort Knox.
Is the 1933 Double Eagle Still the World's Most Valuable Coin?
It will be interesting to see, should the 10 Langbord coins ever come to market, if the 1933 Double Eagle will retain its place as the world's highest priced coin when the number of available specimens increases ten-fold.

Unauthorized replicas

In 2004, National Collectors Mint released gold-plated replicas of the 1933 Double Eagle, ostensibly under the authority of the Northern Mariana Islands, a U.S. Commonwealth. NCM advertised and certified the coins as "legal tender of the CNMI," a bogus designation.
The replica coins did not include any "REPLICA" or "COPY" indications on their faces. The design of the replica coins match the original coins in concept of design, though were not physical replicas. The only difference in basic design between the NCM replicas and the original Double Eagle was the addition of the CNMI territorial seal under the U.S. motto on the reverse.
After some controversy over the nature and marketing of these replicas, the coins were reissued with the word "COPY" stamped across the eagle's stomach.